Strategies for farmers and policy makers to control nitro-gen losses whilst maintaining crop production

The nitrogen (N) cycle is essentially 'leaky'. The losses of small amounts of nitrate to waters and of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere are a part of the global biogeo-chemical N cycle. However, intensive agricultural production, industry and vehicle use have more than doubled the amount of 'reactive' N in the environment, resulting in eutrophication, ecosystem change and health concerns. Research has identified agricultural practices that cause large losses of N and, in some cases, developed solutions. This paper discusses the problems of maintaining productivity while reducing N losses, compares conventional with low input (integrated) and organic farming systems, and discusses wider options. It also looks at the need to integrate studies on N with other environmental impacts, set in the context of the whole farm system, to provide truly sustainable agricultural systems.     

水貂（Mustl A Vison）染色体组型分析

水貂是一种珍贵的毛皮动物，有关水貂的 染色体研究国外Shackelford^[5]和L. Wipf等人 曾有报道，但都是采用辜丸压片或利用肝、’肾、 肺、脾、骨髓等经过组织培养进行观察的。在国 内还未见有报道。我们应用人类外周血培养技 术对水貂染色体进行了研究，现将结果介绍如 下。     

追溯山茱萸科植物的性状进化和生物地理学历史——方法选择的影响?

This study compares results on reconstructing the ancestral state of characters and ancestral areas of distribution in Cornaceae to gain insights into the impact of using different analytical methods. Ancestral character state reconstructions were compared among three methods (parsimony, maximum likelihood, and stochastic character mapping) using MESQUITE and a full Bayesian method in BAYESTRAITS and inferences of ancestral area distribution were compared between the parsimony-based dispersal-vicariance analysis (DIVA) and a newly developed maximum likelihood (ML) method. Results indicated that among the six inflorescence and fruit characters examined, "perfect" binary characters (no homoplasy, no polymorphism within terminals, and no missing data) are little affected by choice of method, while homoplasious characters and missing data are sensitive to methods used. Ancestral areas at deep nodes of the phylogeny are substantially different between DIVA and ML and strikingly different between analyses including and excluding fossils at three deepest nodes. These results, while raising caution in making conclusions on trait evolution and historical biogeography using conventional methods, demonstrate a limitation in our current understanding of character evolution and biogeography. The biogeographic history favored by the ML analyses including fossils suggested the origin and early radiation of Cornus likely occurred in the late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary in Europe and intercontinental disjunctions in three lineages involved movements across the North Atlantic Land Bridge (BLB) in the early and mid Tertiary. This result is congruent with the role of NALB for post-Eocene migration and in connecting tropical floras in North America and Africa, and in eastern Asia and South America. However, alternative hypotheses with an origin in eastern Asia and early Trans-Beringia migrations of the genus cannot be ruled out.     

以短肽组装体为模板仿生矿化二氧化硅纳米管

目的 二氧化硅纳米管由于具有生物相容性好、光学性质优异等特殊性能在不同领域展现出良好的应用前景，其尺寸和形貌可显著影响材料性质。为制备尺寸较大的纳米管并拓展其在不同领域的应用，本研究选择尺寸较大的多肽组装体为模板，进行二氧化硅的仿生矿化。方法 以Bola型多肽Ac-KI₃VK-CONH₂自组装形成的尺寸较大（直径约40 nm）的纳米管为模板，通过仿生矿化的方法制备二氧化硅纳米材料。首先考察了多肽纳米管的稳定性，发现在稀释、加入有机溶剂和改变溶液pH值时，纳米管的形貌均被破坏，展示出较差的稳定性。在此基础上，以该多肽纳米管为模板，选择反应速率较快的正硅酸甲酯（TMOS）为前驱体仿生矿化二氧化硅纳米材料，探索了不同矿化条件对二氧化硅纳米管尺寸和形貌的影响。结果 以反应速率较快的TMOS为硅源、体积百分比浓度为1.11%~3.33%、溶液为中性或者弱碱性时能够矿化形成形貌和尺寸较大且分布均匀的二氧化硅纳米管。结论 通过选择合适的多肽组装体模板和反应速率快的TMOS为硅源，成功制备出了尺寸较大的二氧化硅纳米管，这为拓展其在不同领域的应用奠定了基础，具有重要意义。     

贝那鲁肽与利拉鲁肽对2型糖尿病患者长期结局影响的对比研究

摘要 目的：对比分析贝那鲁肽与利拉鲁肽对2型糖尿病患者长期结局的影响，为二甲双胍和磺脲类药物治疗后血糖不能达标的患者应用胰高糖素样肽-1（GLP-1） 受体激动剂提供临床依据。方法：选取2018年3月～2019年3月在我院就诊的使用二甲双胍或者二甲双胍联合磺脲类药物血糖未达标的2型糖尿病患者150例作为研究对象，随机分为观察组和对照组，每组各75例。观察组使用贝那鲁肽注射液治疗，对照组使用利拉鲁肽注射液治疗，所有患者均连续治疗24周。比较两组患者治疗前后空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2 h血糖（2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、收缩期血管峰值血流( PSV)、血管内膜中层厚度(IMT) 、肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（BUN）水平，两年内的不良事件发生率、心血管相关死亡率和全因死亡率。结果：两组患者之间治疗前、后FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、PSV、IMT、Scr和BUN水平无统计学差异（P>0.05）, 观察组的不良事件总发生率（8.00%）较对照组（20.00%）明显降低（P<0.05），两组患者心血管相关死亡率和全因死亡率相比，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：在使用二甲双胍或者二甲双胍联合磺脲类药物血糖未达标的2型糖尿病患者中，与利拉鲁肽相比，贝那鲁肽在降低血糖、改善下肢血管功能、肾功能和死亡率方面无明显差异，但不良事件发生率更低。     

离子通道递质受体大家族:每种受体所特有的变构调制中心在神经药理学中的重要性

美国飞迪亚-乔治城神经科学研究所所长、美国科学院院士E.Costa博士,1989年1月10日来北京接受北京医科大学授予名誉教授衔。Costa教授在该仪式上所作的报告指出了当前神经递质研究的新方向,具有重要的学术意义。特予介绍,以飨读者。     

肠抑胃肽对胃酸分泌抑制作用的研究

下面是他在1986年12月访华期间在北京协和医院所作学术报告的主要内容,由柯美云整理出来,以飨读者。     

НОВЫЙ ВИД РОДА NOTOPYGOS(AMPHINOMID AE,POLYCHAETA)ИЗ ЮЖНО-КИТАЙСКОГО МОРЯ С ОСТРОВОВ СИШАЦЮНЬДАО(ПАРАСЕЛЬСКИЕ ОСТРОВА)

1956—58.     

不同生长期内马铃薯块茎中酶作用下的淀粉转变之研究

在这篇论文中,引用了在不同生长期内马铃薯块茎提取液水解作用与磷酸化作用以及合成酶与磷酸葡萄糖变位酶活性的研究材料。用马铃薯块茎製备提取液,在两个时期来研究该提取液:第一次是在七月,即马铃薯开花的时候,那时马铃薯具有小的块茎;第二次是在收穫之後,与测定磷酸化酶和磷酸葡萄糖变位酶的活性的同时,测定块茎中澱粉含量,而且在提取液中测定还原性物质的含量。试验是用三个马铃薯品种进行的,即“劳尔赫”、“普列斯库里斯基”和“十月儿童”。对块茎提取液磷酸解作用的研究表明:块茎提